Jun 01, · Grossman, S.J., , An introduction to the theory of rational expectations under asymmetric information, Review of Economic Studies 48, Grossman, S.J. and O.D. Hart, , The allocational role of takeover bids in situations of asymmetric information, Journal of Jun 22, · Literature Review Pecking Order Theory you used ours. Trust some or all of your schoolwork to us and set yourself free from academic stress. All you need to do is go Literature Review Pecking Order Theory online, give us a call or send a chat message Literature Review Pecking Order Theory and say: “Do my assignment”. Our experts will take Drop all the files you want your writer to use in processing your order. If you forget to attach the files when filling the order form, you can upload them by clicking on the “files” button on your personal order page. The files should be uploaded as soon as possible to give the writer time to review and use them in processing your order
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Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think, pecking order theory literature review. Learn More. Alfred Adler attempted to understand how family affects youth outcomes by considering the order of when a child enters a family Adler, Analyses were conducted with structural equation modeling SEM, pecking order theory literature review.
We conclude that birth order has an important relationship with substance use outcomes for youth but has differing effects for educational achievement across both birth order status and gender.
Studies indicate that family dynamics play an important role with regard to drug use and educational outcomes for youth Allison, ; Bachman et. One theory developed by Alfred Adler attempts to understand how family matters by considering the order of when a child enters a family Adler, The first born son may have more positive life outcome expectations due to prevailing cultural sentiments, which includes decision making for the family Galanti, For the purposes of this paper, we examined the influence of youth sex and birth pecking order theory literature review on drug use and education outcomes.
We tested the Adlerian Individual Psychology theory to evaluate the importance of birth order and gender on education and whether or not youth had ever used cigarettes, alcohol, or marijuana with a sample of youths living in Santiago, Chile. Adlerian theory has not been widely applied to diverse populations, and none in South America, therefore this theoretical framework could illuminate how family characteristics impact culturally different populations.
One facet of his complex body of work involves the importance of birth order for youth outcomes. Scholars have shown that both psychological and actual birth order impact individual outcomes. Contrary to these findings, more recent work holds to the strength of birth order as an important factor associated with different outcomes, especially for first-born individuals.
For example, Sulloway studied evidence that examined the question of why some individuals—for him revolutionary scientists—rebel and achieve remarkable breakthroughs in their fields i. However, other scholars have suggested that across many outcomes, variation between siblings may be greater than variation between families, suggesting that much territory remains to be explored to understand the complex family dynamics which do affect life outcomes for individuals Conley, This paper looks at the effects of actual birth order on several variables.
However, research has consistently shown that looking at actual birth order offers useful insights, pecking order theory literature review. In his review of birth order articles from toEckstein reported statistically significant birth order studies though not psychological birth-order studies and offers some support for works looking at actual birth order.
His review specifically notes that research has shown personality differences among subjects according to four major categories: oldest, pecking order theory literature review, middle, youngest, and single p. One study examined undergraduates who were asked to locate their birth order, the birth order of the parents and that of their best friend.
The field remains contentious. Researchers suggest that useful information about youth outcomes can also be understood by examining risky behavior for children, such as drug use and sexual activity.
For instance, a recent study, examined how understanding birth order within family dynamics could impact young African American college students:. Understanding how birth order and gender function within the context of diverse populations, in this case an international context, can be an important and vital area for researchers to explore. First, these studies further explain and improve culturally competent approaches for mental health practitioners and others interested in evidence-based work.
Secondly, such work can contribute to the overall theory and literature on birth order. However, assessing the pecking order theory literature review of birth order have had mixed success Solloway, These models were first suggested by Jorden, Whiteside, and Manaster as a way to test for possible birth order effects. These authors note that models were taken from previous research and consist of three slightly different ways of measuring birth order. Finally, we used Shulman and Mosak as cited in Jordan, et.
al family size model that takes into account family size small, medium, or large and then looks again at the birth order within those levels of family size. For example, this model considers the only child of a small, medium, or large family; then the model continues with first born; second born, middle children, and pecking order theory literature review children each within a small, medium, and large family.
In the present study we used these three definitions of birth order to account for differing opinions as to the efficacy of birth order studies. To date, we are not aware of any studies that have tested more than one model of birth order simultaneously and that have examined Latin American populations for understanding how birth ordering and gender may be associated with youth educational outcomes and substance use and misuse. This study used cross-sectional data from the Santiago Longitudinal Study, a NIDA-funded study of adolescents and their families in Santiago Chile.
Participants were recruited from a sample of approximately 1, youth who several years earlier had participated in a study of iron and nutritional status at INTA Pecking order theory literature review, et al.
In —, youth completed assessments that consisted of a 2-hr interviewer-administered questionnaire with comprehensive questions on drug use, drug opportunities, and a range of individual, familial, and contextual variables. Youth and their parental caregiver usually the mother were brought to the interview site where the survey was administered by a licensed psychologist, pecking order theory literature review.
We used two latent factors as dependent variables. One is a latent factor representing substance use while the second is a latent factor measuring academic standing. The substance use latent factor is composed by three indicators of substance use — whether the respondent had ever used alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana.
Each of these three indicators is a dummy-coded variable recording whether or not the adolescent has ever consumed alcohol, cigarettes, or marijuana, respectively. These four indicators correspond to four subjects; language arts, history, mathematics and science. The main independent variable is birth order. In our study we used first born as the reference category. The reference category was first born. Small families are defined as having only one or two children, middle families having three to four children and large families as having five or more children.
Based on this categorization of family size there are twelve categories of birth order. However, pecking order theory literature review, because in our sample there were few cases in some of pecking order theory literature review categories we collapsed them into seven categories of birth order.
These seven categories are: Only child, first of a small family, first of middle or large family, second of a small pecking order theory literature review, second of a medium or large family, third of a medium or large family and the youngest. The reference category is first of a small family.
The variables, age and socioeconomic status SEStwo continuous measures, were included as covariates. We used gender, based on youth self-report, as a grouping variable to test different estimations of the birth effect for males and females, pecking order theory literature review. The models -following standard practices of confirmatory analyses with covariates- were estimated in two steps: the measurement part of the model and the pathways.
As for the measurement part, we confirmed the factor structure of both outcomes substance use and academic standing using confirmatory factor analyses. The second part of the estimations tested for gender differences using multiple group estimations with covariates by gender. In this part of the modeling the differential effects of birth order by gender were tested individually using one model per coefficient that was significant per type of birth order definition.
Then, we combined all gender differences into one model and tested it against a model that assumes no gender differences. This step is critical to determine the existence of differential e effects by gender, pecking order theory literature review. Note that if a coefficient is significant in the model for males or females, pecking order theory literature review does not imply that the difference between the male coefficient and female coefficient is significant.
The gender differences were tested against a model that assumes no gender differences. All models were estimated using MPLUS 5. Tables 1a and 1b display the descriptive characteristics of the sample and variables.
Most of the adolescents reported that they performed at an average or above average level regardless of their gender except in the case of mathematics where male adolescents reported standing above the average more than female adolescents.
More than fifty percent of adolescent had not consumed alcohol, pecking order theory literature review, cigarette and more than eighty percent had not consumed marijuana. Table 2 shows the results of the gender comparison of the significant birth order coefficients for each one of the three birth order definitions. Each is described next. Dotted lines indicate non significant paths. The coefficients for second, middle and young on substance use were constrained to be equal among male and female adolescents.
All coefficients are standardized and numbers in parenthesis report non-standardized coefficients. The coefficients for middle and young on substance use were constrained to be equal among male and female adolescents. Model Comparison Test Based on Constraining Birth Order Coefficients to be Equal Between Male and Females Males and Females. All models were nested pecking order theory literature review and compared to the full non-invariant model.
All constraints in coefficients are set to be equal coefficient for male and female adolescents. Below we describe in detail each one of these three models. Figure 1 depicts the results for this model. From these three coefficients, only the coefficient for being the only child was different between males and females. A significant association was present only in the case of female adolescents while in the case of males there was no difference in the consumption of substances between being only child and being the first born.
Figure 2 displays the results for this model. Compared to adolescents who were born first, there were associations with substance use for the other four birth order possibilities, a finding similar to those of the Research Expedient described above, pecking order theory literature review. From these four associations, only those of being the only child varied by gender. Females who were only child were more likely to have ever consumed substances alcohol, cigarette, or marijuana while male adolescents born as only child did not differ on their consumption of substances compared to first born adolescents.
In addition, we also found differential associations for pecking order theory literature review case of being the last child on academic standing.
Figure 3 presents the results for this model. All of these adolescents were more likely to have consumed substances than first born pecking order theory literature review in small families. We found support for the Adlerian theory of individual psychology in the context of a large sample drawn from a non-U. This study adds some insights into how family dynamics within a Latin American population may contribute to youth educational and substance use outcomes.
This was also true for first born females. For educational outcomes, birth order plays a different role. The research expedient model and the family size order showed no significance.
In other words, being the youngest places the adolescent at risk of performing less well compared to older adolescents in their classrooms. One possible reason is that adolescents who are the youngest might be raised in more disadvantaged conditions than adolescents born first, especially in the case of poor families in Santiago, Chile. First born children may benefit not only from more parental attention, but also these children may receive more financial resources that can be allocated to their education.
However, the results of our analyses controlling for SES and not controlling for SES were practically identical suggesting that SES may not serve to explain the findings, pecking order theory literature review. Furthermore, being a younger or youngest child may impact the amount of parental attention in this case lesswhile also not receiving financial supports due to the possibility that low-income families may struggle with meeting the basic needs of a larger family.
We conclude that birth order may play some role with regard to substance use outcomes for youth in the Latin American country of Chile. Further studies taking into account family influences are recommended, especially in understanding the complexities of family relationships and motivations with regards to education and substance use.
Understanding the importance of birth order and the strains and privileges of individual children within their birth order may help guide proper treatment and services.
Pecking order theory
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Free Essays Fetched to You. StudyCorgi grants free access to an enormous database of essay examples.. These samples are intended for high school, college, and university students. Check them out to kickstart your own ideas and improve your writing Jun 01, · Grossman, S.J., , An introduction to the theory of rational expectations under asymmetric information, Review of Economic Studies 48, Grossman, S.J. and O.D. Hart, , The allocational role of takeover bids in situations of asymmetric information, Journal of Sep 01, · Maslow's theory of motivation suggests that safety is a lower-order need that must be met before higher-order needs can be satisfied. Likewise, in Herzberg's two-factor theory, hygiene factors (dissatisfiers) must be met in order to prevent dissatisfaction, in this case, within a healthcare institution (Dieleman et al., )
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