Professional dissertation methodology writing services for masters usa ghostwriting websites dissertation introduction Custom elements of a personal narrative essay, a series of unfortunate events book report qualitative research paper sample cv example ghostwriting introduction Custom dissertation usa websites, best dissertation abstract proofreading service uk thesis statement on non verbal Karl Marx föddes den 5 maj som son till Heinrich Marx (–) och Henriette Pressburg (–). Han föddes vid Brückengaße i staden Trier i Preussen [23] som det tredje barnet i en familj av judiskt ursprung Karl Mannheim (born Károly Manheim, 27 March – 9 January ) was an influential German sociologist during the first half of the 20th century. He is a key figure in classical sociology, as well as one of the founders of the sociology of blogger.comim is best known for his book Ideology and Utopia (/), in which he distinguishes between partial and total ideologies, the
Religion as Opium of the People (Karl Marx)
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who attempted to examine religion from an doctoral dissertation karl marx, scientific perspective.
Many people in a wide variety of fields doctoral dissertation karl marx concerned with how to account for religion —its origin, its development, doctoral dissertation karl marx even its persistence in modern society. Before the 18th century, most answers were framed in purely theological and religious terms, assuming doctoral dissertation karl marx truth of Christian revelations and proceeding from there. Marx actually said very little about religion directly; in all of his writings, he hardly ever addresses religion in a systematic fashion, even though he touches on it frequently in books, speeches, doctoral dissertation karl marx, and pamphlets.
The reason is doctoral dissertation karl marx his critique of religion forms simply one piece of his doctoral dissertation karl marx theory of society—thus, understanding his critique of religion requires some understanding of his critique of society in general. According to Marx, religion is an expression of material realities and economic injustice.
Thus, problems in religion are ultimately problems in society, doctoral dissertation karl marx. Religion is not the disease, doctoral dissertation karl marx, but merely a symptom. It is used by oppressors to make people feel better about the distress they experience due to being poor and exploited, doctoral dissertation karl marx. For Marx, economics are what constitute the base of all of human life and history, a source which generates division of labor, class struggle, and all the social institutions which are supposed to maintain the status quo.
Those social institutions are a superstructure built upon the base of economics, totally dependent upon material and economic realities but nothing else. All of the institutions which are prominent in our daily lives — marriage, church, government, arts, etc. According to Marx, religion is one of those social institutions which are dependent upon the material and economic realities in a given society. It has no independent history but is instead the creature of productive forces.
Karl Marx was born on May 5,in the German city of Trier. His family was Jewish but later converted to Protestantism in in order to avoid anti-semitic laws and persecution. For this reason among others, Marx rejected religion early on in his youth and made it absolutely clear that he was an atheist.
Marx studied philosophy at Bonn and then later Berlin, where he came under the sway of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich von Hegel. Hegel was a complicated philosopher, but it is possible to doctoral dissertation karl marx a rough outline for our purposes. Although they agreed that the division between mind and matter was the fundamental philosophical issue, they argued that it was a matter which was fundamental and that ideas were simply expressions of material necessity.
Two important ideas which developed bear mentioning here: First, that economic realities are the determining factor for all human behavior; and second, that all of human history is that of class struggle between those who own things and those who do not own things but must instead work to survive.
This is the context in which all human social institutions develop, including religion. After graduating from university, Marx moved to Bonn, hoping to become a professor, but the because of the conflict over Hegel's philosophies, Ludwig Feuerbach had been deprived of his chair in and was not allowed to return to the university in Marx abandoned the idea of an academic career. In the government similarly forbade the young Professor Bruno Bauer to lecture at Bonn.
Early inradicals in the Rhineland Colognewho were in touch with the Left Hegelians, founded a paper in opposition to the Prussian government, called the Rheinische Zeitung.
Marx and Bruno Bauer were invited to be the chief contributors, and in October Marx became editor-in-chief and moved from Bonn to Cologne. Journalism was to become a chief occupation of Marx for much of his life. After the failure of various revolutionary movements on the continent, Marx was forced to go to London in It should be noted that through most of his life, Marx did not work alone—he had the help of Friedrich Engels who had, on his own, developed a very similar theory of economic determinism, doctoral dissertation karl marx.
Doctoral dissertation karl marx two were of like mind and worked exceptionally well together—Marx was the better philosopher while Engels was the better communicator.
He lies buried next to his wife at Highgate Cemetery in London. According to Karl Marx, religion is like other social institutions in that it is dependent upon the material and economic realities in a given society. It has no independent history; instead, it is the creature of productive forces. According to Marx, doctoral dissertation karl marx, religion can only be understood in relation to other social systems and the economic structures of society.
In fact, religion is only dependent upon economics, nothing else—so much so that the actual religious doctrines are almost irrelevant. This is a functionalist interpretation of religion: understanding religion is dependent upon what social purpose religion itself serves, not the content of its beliefs.
Much as capitalism takes our productive labor and alienates us from its value, doctoral dissertation karl marx, religion takes our highest ideals and aspirations and alienates us from them, projecting them onto an alien and unknowable being called a god.
Marx has three reasons for disliking religion. Martin Luther preached the ability of each individual to interpret the Bible but sided with aristocratic rulers and against peasants who fought against economic and social oppression. According to Marx, this new form of Christianity, Protestantism, was a production of new economic forces as early capitalism developed.
New economic realities required a new religious superstructure by which it could be justified and defended. This is often misunderstood, perhaps because the full passage is rarely used: the boldface in the above show what is usually quoted. The italics are in the original. In spite of his obvious dislike of and anger towards religion, Marx did not make religion the primary enemy of workers and communists.
Had Marx regarded religion as a more serious enemy, he would have devoted more time to it. Marx is saying that religion is meant to create illusory fantasies for the poor.
Economic realities prevent them from finding true happiness in this life, so religion tells them this is OK because they will find true happiness in the next life. Marx is not entirely without sympathy: people are in distress and religion does provide solace, just as people who are physically injured receive relief from opiate-based drugs.
The problem is that opiates fail to fix a physical injury—you only forget your pain and suffering for a while. This can be fine, but only if you are also trying to solve the underlying causes of the pain. His comments do hold for other religions with similar doctrines of a powerful god and happy doctoral dissertation karl marx, they do not apply to radically different religions. In ancient Greece and Rome, for example, doctoral dissertation karl marx, a happy afterlife was reserved for heroes while commoners could only look forward to a mere shadow of their earthly existence.
A second problem is his claim that religion is wholly determined by material and economic realities. Not only is nothing else fundamental enough to influence religion, but influence cannot run in the other direction, from religion to material and economic realities.
This is not true. This caused Max Weber to theorize that religious institutions end up creating new economic realities. Even if Weber is wrong, doctoral dissertation karl marx see that one can argue just the opposite of Marx with clear historical evidence. A final problem is more economic than religious—but since Marx made economics the basis for all his critiques of society, any problems with his economic analysis will affect his other ideas.
Marx places his emphasis on the concept of value, which can only be created by human labor, not machines. This has two flaws. First, if Marx is correct, then a labor-intensive industry will produce more surplus value and hence more profit than an industry relying less on human labor and more upon machines.
But the reality is just the opposite. At best, the return on investment is the same whether the work is done by people or machines. Quite often, machines allow for more profit than humans. Second, the common experience is that the value of a produced object lies not with the labor put into it but in the subjective estimation of a potential purchaser.
A worker could, in theory, take a beautiful piece of raw wood and, after many hours, produce a terribly ugly sculpture. If Marx is correct that all value comes from labor, then the sculpture should have more value than the raw wood—but that is not necessarily true. Objects have only the value of whatever people are ultimately willing to pay; some might pay more for the raw wood, some might pay more for the ugly sculpture. Without them, doctoral dissertation karl marx, his moral complaint against capitalism falters, and the rest of his philosophy begins to crumble.
Thus, his analysis of religion becomes difficult doctoral dissertation karl marx defend or apply, at least in the simplistic form he describes. We do not have to restrict ourselves to the idea that religion is only dependent upon economics and nothing else, such that the actual doctrines of religions are almost irrelevant. Instead, we can recognize that there are a variety of social influences upon religion, including economic and material realities of society, doctoral dissertation karl marx.
Because of his work, it has become impossible to study religion without also exploring its ties to various social and economic forces. For Karl Marxthe basic determining factor of human history is economics. According to him, humans—even from their earliest beginnings—are not motivated by grand ideas but instead by material concerns, like the need to eat and survive.
This is the basic premise of a materialist view of history. But eventually, doctoral dissertation karl marx, humans developed agriculture and the concept of private property, doctoral dissertation karl marx. These two facts created a division of labor and separation of classes based on power and wealth. This, in turn, created the social conflict which drives society. All of this is made worse by capitalism which only increases the disparity between the wealthy classes and the labor classes.
Capitalism also creates one new misery: exploitation of surplus value. For Marx, an ideal economic system would involve exchanges of equal value for equal value, where value is determined simply by the amount of work put into whatever is being produced. Capitalism interrupts this ideal by introducing a profit motive—a desire to produce an uneven exchange of lesser value for greater value. Profit is ultimately derived from the surplus value produced by workers in factories.
Those extra hours represent the surplus value produced by the worker. The owner of the factory did nothing to earn this, but exploits it nevertheless and keeps the difference as profit.
In this context, Communism thus has two goals: First it is supposed to explain these realities to people unaware of them; second, it is supposed to call people in the labor classes to prepare for the confrontation and revolution. Economics, then, are what constitute the base of all of human life and history—generating division of labor, class struggle, doctoral dissertation karl marx all the social institutions which are supposed to maintain the status quo.
All of the institutions which are prominent in our daily lives—marriage, church, government, arts, doctoral dissertation karl marx, etc. Marx had a special word for all of the work that goes into developing those institutions: ideology. The people working in those systems—developing art, theologydoctoral dissertation karl marx, etc. In reality, they are expressions of class interest and class conflict.
They are reflections of an underlying need to maintain the status quo and preserve current economic realities. Share Flipboard Email. Other Religions Belief Systems Atheism and Agnosticism Logic Ethics Key Figures in Atheism Evolution Atheism Myths and Misconceptions. Table of Contents Expand. A Naturalistic View of Religion. Karl Marx's Biography.
POLITICAL THEORY - Karl Marx
, time: 9:28Karl Mannheim - Wikipedia
Karl Marx föddes den 5 maj som son till Heinrich Marx (–) och Henriette Pressburg (–). Han föddes vid Brückengaße i staden Trier i Preussen [23] som det tredje barnet i en familj av judiskt ursprung Dissertation award essay frame graphic organizer. Just out of high school resume, apartheid essay free dog grooming business plan. How to write shell script in windows xp best annotated bibliography writers websites for college architectural history dissertation topics, custom essays proofreading websites ca degree doctoral Thesis Bill moyers essay greed construct essay exam, the great wall of china homework? Essays by karl marx. Bill moyers essay greed: case study research strategy resume samples for graphic designer objectives, top dissertation hypothesis proofreading websites online argumentative essay breakdown
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