Phonograph Catalog/Advertisement: "I want a phonograph in every home ". The phonograph was developed as a result of Thomas Edison's work on two other inventions, the telegraph and the telephone. In , Edison was working on a machine that would transcribe telegraphic messages through indentations on paper tape, which could later be sent over the telegraph repeatedly Nov 12, · Black History in the United States: A Timeline. In August of , a journal entry recorded that “20 and odd” Angolans, kidnapped by the Portuguese, arrived in The political realignment of black voters that began at the close of Reconstruction gradually accelerated in the early 20th century, pushed by demographic shifts such as the Great Migration and by black discontent with the increasingly conservative racial policies of the Republican Party in the South. A decades-long process ensued in which African Americans either left the Republican fold or
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Black nationalism is a type of nationalism or pan-nationalism which espouses the belief that Black people are a race and seeks to develop and maintain a Black racial and national identity, black history essays. Black nationalism is sometimes described as a black history essays for, or a subset of, Black supremacism and Black separatismand these terms have often been used interchangeably by journalists and academics.
Black nationalists say they seek to ensure the survival of the Black history essays race and the cultures of historically Black states. Critics of black nationalism, meanwhile, contend that many Black nationalist groups promote racial violence. Black nationalism arose within the African American community in black history essays United States, black history essays. Black history essays the early 20th century, the Garveyism promoted by the U.
Black nationalist ideas also proved an influence on the Black Islam movement, particularly groups like the Nation of Islam founded by Wallace Fard Muhammad. During the s, Black nationalism influenced the Black Panther Party and the broader Black Power movement. Martin Delany —an African American abolitionistwas arguably the first proponent of black nationalism. Inspired by the success of the Haitian Revolutionthe origins of black and indigenous African nationalism in political thought lie in the 19th and early 20th centuries with people such as Marcus GarveyBenjamin "Pap" SingletonHenry McNeal TurnerMartin Black history essaysHenry Highland GarnetEdward Wilmot BlydenPaul Cuffeand black history essays. The repatriation of African-American slaves to Liberia or Sierra Leone was a common black nationalist theme in the 19th century.
Marcus Garvey 's Universal Negro Improvement Association of the s and s was the most powerful black nationalist movement to date, claiming millions of members. Garvey's movement was opposed by mainline black leaders, and crushed by government action, black history essays. However, its many alumni remembered its inspiring rhetoric.
According to Wilson Jeremiah Mosesblack nationalism as a philosophy can be examined from three different periods, giving rise to various ideological perspectives for what we can today consider black nationalism. The first period of pre-classical black nationalism began when the first Africans were brought to the Americas as slaves through the Black history essays Revolutionary period.
The second period of black nationalism began after the Revolutionary War. This period refers to the time when a sizeable number of educated Africans within the colonies specifically within New England and Pennsylvania had become disgusted with the social conditions that arose out of the Enlightenment 's ideas. The intention of these organizations was to group black people together so they could voice their concerns, and help their own community advance itself.
This form of thinking can be found in historical personalities such as; Prince HallRichard Allen and Absalom JonesJames FortenCyrus Bustill, William Gray through their need to become founders of certain organizations such as African Masonic lodges, the Free African Societyand Church Institutions such as the African Episcopal Church of St.
These institutions served as early foundations to developing independent and separate organizations for their own people. The goal was to create groups to include those who so many times had been excluded from exclusively white communities and government-funded organizations. The third period of black nationalism arose during the post -Reconstruction era, particularly among various African-American clergy circles.
Separated circles were already established and accepted because African-Americans had long endured the oppression of slavery and Jim Crowism in the United States since its inception. The clerical phenomenon led to the birth of a modern form of black nationalism that stressed the need to separate blacks from non-blacks and build separate communities that would promote racial pride and collectivize resources.
The new ideology became the philosophy of groups like the Moorish Science Temple and the Nation of Islam. ByWallace Fard Muhammad had founded the Nation of Islam. His method to spread information about the Nation of Islam used unconventional tactics to recruit individuals in DetroitMichigan. Later on, Elijah Muhammad would lead the Nation of Islam and become a mentor to people like Malcolm X, black history essays.
Prince Hall was an important social leader of Boston following the Revolutionary War. He is well known for his contribution as the founder of Black Freemasonry. His life and past are unclear, but he is believed to have been a former slave freed after twenty one years of slavehood.
In fifteen other black men along with Hall joined a freemason lodge of British soldiers, after the departure of the soldiers they created their own lodge African Lodge 1 and were granted full stature in Despite their stature other white freemason lodges in America did not treat them equal and so Hall began to help other black Masonic lodges across the country to help their own cause - to progress as a community together despite any difficulties brought to them by racists.
Hall was best recognized for his contribution to the black community along with his petitions many denied in the name of black nationalism. In he unsuccessfully petitioned to the Massachusetts legislature to send blacks back to Africa to obtain "complete" freedom from white supremacy. InHall was a well known contributor to the passing of the legislation of the outlawing of the slave-trade and those involved.
Hall continued his efforts to help his black history essays, and in his petition for Boston to approve funding for black schools.
Despite the city's inability to provide a building, Hall lent his building for the school to run from. Until his death inHall continued to work for black rights in issues of abolition, civil rights and the advancement of the community overall, black history essays. In Black history essays Allen and Absalom Jones, black ministers of Pennsylvania, formed the Free African Society of Pennsylvania. The goal of this organization was to create a church that was free of restrictions of only one form of religion, and to pave the way for the creation of a house of worship exclusive to their community.
They were successful in doing this when they created the St. Thomas African Episcopal Church in The community included many members who were notably abolitionist men and former slaves.
Allen, following his own beliefs that worship should be out loud and outspoken, left the organization two years later. With the re an opportunity to become the pastor to the church but rejected the offer leaving it to Jones. The society itself was a memorable charitable organization that allowed its members to socialize and network with other business partners, in attempt to better their community. Its activity and open doors served as a motivational growth for the city as many other black mutual aid societies in the city began to pop up.
Additionally the society is well known for their aid during the yellow fever epidemic in known to have taken the life of many of the city. The African Church or the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas Philadelphia, Pennsylvania was founded in for those of African descent, as a foster church for the community with the goal to be interdenominational, black history essays. In the beginning of the church's establishment its masses were held in homes and local schools. One of the founders of the Free African Society was also the first Episcopal priest of African American descent, Absalom Jones.
The original church house was constructed at 5th and Adelphi Streets in Philadelphia, now St, black history essays. James Place, and it was dedicated on July 17, ; other locations of the church included: 12th Street near Walnut, 57th and Pearl Streets, 52nd and Parrish Streets, and the black history essays location, Overbrook and Lancaster Avenue in Philadelphia's historic Overbrook Farms neighborhood. The church is mostly African-American. Thomas has been involved in the local and national civil rights black history essays through its work with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACPblack history essays, the Union of Black Episcopaliansthe Opportunities Industrialization Center OICPhiladelphia Interfaith Action, and The Episcopal Church Women.
Most importantly, it has been in the forefront of the movement to uphold the knowledge and value black history essays the black presence in the Episcopal Church. Wallace D. Fard founded the Nation of Islam in the s. Fard took as his student Elijah Poole Muhammadwho later became the leader of the organization, black history essays.
The basis of the group was the belief that Christianity was exclusively a White man's religion, while Islam was the way for black folk; Christianity was a religion that, like slavery itself, black history essays, was forced upon the people who suffered at the hands of the whites during their enslavement. The beliefs of the members of the Nation of Islam are similar to others who follow the Quran and worship Allah under the religion of Islam, black history essays.
Founded on resentment of the way Whites historically treated people of color, the Nation of Islam embraces the ideas of black nationalism. The group itself has, since the leadership of Elijah Muhammad, recruited thousands of followers from all segments of society: from prisons, as well as from black pride and black nationalist movements. Members of the Nation of Islam preached that the goal was not to integrate into White American culture, but rather to create their own cultural footprint and their own separate community in order black history essays obliterate oppression.
Their aim black history essays to have their own schools and churches and to support each other without any reliance on other racial groups, black history essays.
The members of the Nation of Islam are known as Black Muslims. As the group became more and more prominent with public figures such as Malcolm X as its orators, it received increasing attention from outsiders. In the group was the subject of a documentary named The Hate that Hate Produced. The documentary cast the organization in a negative light, depicting it as a black supremacy group. Even with such depictions, the group did not lose support from its people. When Elijah Muhammad died, his son took on the role as the leader of the Nation of Islam, converting the organization into a more orthodox iteration of Islam and abandoning beliefs that tended toward violence.
This conversion prompted others to abandon the group, dissatisfied with the change in ideology. They created a "New" Nation of Islam in order to restore the aims of the original organization. The Southern Poverty Law Center classifies the Nation of Islam as a hate groupstating: "Its theology of innate black superiority over whites and the deeply racist, antisemitic and anti-LGBT rhetoric of its leaders have earned the NOI a prominent position in the ranks of organized hate.
Elijah Muhammad was famously known as the successor of Wallace Fard, the black history essays of the Nation of Islam. He was born in Georgia on October 7, He led the group from tobeing very well recognized as one of the mentors to other famous leaders such as Malcolm X. He lived until February 25,in Chicago, black history essays, and the leadership of the organization passed to his son.
Marcus Garvey encouraged African people around the world to be proud of their race and see beauty in their own kind. This form of black nationalism later became known as Garveyism. A central idea black history essays Garveyism was that African people in every part of the world were one people and they would never advance if they did not put aside their cultural and ethnic differences and unite under their own shared history.
He was heavily influenced by the earlier works of Booker T. WashingtonMartin Delanyand Henry McNeal Turner.
Marcus Garvey's return to America had to do with his desire to meet with the man who inspired him most, Booker T, black history essays. Washingtonhowever Garvey did not return in time to meet Washington.
Despite this, Garvey moved forward with his efforts and two years later, a year after Washington's death, black history essays, Garvey established a similar organization in America known as the United Negro Improvement Association otherwise known as the UNIA. Between andblack history essays, while most African leaders worked in the civil rights movement to integrate African-American people into mainstream American life, Malcolm X was an avid advocate of black independence and the reclaiming black history essays black pride and masculinity.
He maintained that separatism and control of politics, and economics within its own community would serve blacks better than the tactics of civil rights leader Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and mainstream civil rights groups such as the SCLCSNCCNAACPand CORE. Malcolm X declared that nonviolence was the "philosophy of the fool," [ This quote black history essays a citation ] and that to achieve anything, African Americans would have to reclaim their national identity, embrace the rights covered by the Second Amendmentblack history essays, and defend themselves from white hegemony and extrajudicial violence.
In response to Rev. King's famous " I Have a Dream " speech, Malcolm X quipped, "While King was having a dream, black history essays, the rest of us Negroes are having a nightmare. Prior to his pilgrimage to Black history essaysMalcolm X believed that African Americans must develop their own society and ethical values, including the self-help, community-based enterprises, that the black Muslims supported. He also thought that African Americans should reject integration or cooperation with whites until they could achieve internal cooperation and unity.
He prophetically believed that there "would be bloodshed" if the racism problem in America remained ignored, and he renounced "compromise" with whites.
Black History Month Essays 2017
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Black nationalism is a type of nationalism or pan-nationalism which espouses the belief that Black people are a race and seeks to develop and maintain a Black racial and national identity. Black nationalist activism revolves around social, political, and economic empowerment of Black communities and people, especially to resist assimilation into white culture (through integration or otherwise Nov 22, · The epic boom ended in a cataclysmic bust. On Black Monday, October 28, , the Dow declined nearly 13 percent. On the following day, Black Tuesday, the market dropped nearly 12 percent. By mid-November, the Dow had lost almost half of its value % Free AP Test Prep website that offers study material to high school students seeking to prepare for AP exams. Enterprising students use this website to learn AP class material, study for class quizzes and tests, and to brush up on course material before the big exam day
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